Course 152...History of the Lever and Spinal Biomechanics:

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Below is a trial test, which you may take for practice only.

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True | False

1.	Humans are born with the proper S-shaped spinal posture and typically keep that posture through life.
2.	Borelli found that when the stevedore lifted the weight on his shoulders that the amount of force required lifting the weight was a lot less than the weight lifted.
3.	Borelli wrote that Galen thought that because the muscle and its tendon worked on a joint like a typical lever that it took small amount of forces to move large weights. Borelli agreed with Galen’s assessment of the spinal levers when he performed his study of the stevedore.

4.	The riddle of the sphinx from Greek mythology addresses which of the following? A. Weight Training B. Nutrition C. Psychology D. Human Posture
5.	The leverage formula for what is known as the equilibrium of rotation (torque) was developed by. A. Socrates B. Hippocrates C. Archimedes D. Leonardo da Vinci
6.	The first person to describe the S-shaped spine with its curvatures and proper amount of vertebrae was: A. Socrates B. Hippocrates C. Archimedes D. Leonardo da Vinci
7.	The effective lever arm, discovered by Benedetti, is the following: A. The point on the fixed lever arm that the force of effort is attached B. The direction in which the force of effort or resistance is applied C. The perpendicular distance from the line of action, of the either the force of effort or resistance, back to the fulcrum. D. The distance from the attachment of the force of resistance back to the fulcrum.
8.	Which of the following is correct formula for equilibrium of rotation (torque): A. Amount of resistance force x length of fixed resistance arm = amount of effort force x length of fixed effort arm. B. Amount of resistance force x fixed resistance force = amount of effort force x fixed effort force. C. Amount of resistance force x length of effective resistance arm = amount of effort force x length of effective effort arm. D. Amount of resistance force x length of resistance arm = amount of effort force x length of effort arm.
9.	In determining how much force a muscle must produce to put a resistance force in equilibrium which of the following is true? A. The amount of muscle force is equal to the amount resistance force. B. You must know the length of the effective effort arm of the muscle to solve for the answer. C. The muscle force (force of effort) is equal to the fixed effort arm length. D. The force of effort is always less then the force of resistance
10.	The force of resistance and the force of effort create combined force at the fulcrum called the: A. The combined force B. The resultant force C. The translation force D. The movement force
11.	We advocate that the teaching of the 3 classes of levers (1st, 2nd, 3rd class) be stopped because of the following: A. The structural identification of a lever system is too complicated to learn effectively B. This structural identification is not taught any more C. Understanding how the musculo-skeletal system produces force by leverage is not that important D. There is no consistent functional truth to this teaching relative to their mechanical advantage.
12.	Musculo-skeletal lever physics, such as Borelli performed, combines physics of the lever applied to actual anatomy. Borelli, the physics person, needed help from Malpighi who was trained in the following: A. Medicine B. Theoretical physics C. Mechanical drawing D. Philosophy
13.	Borelli stated that people like Galen had thought the body used long effort arms for effective human movement but he found out this was not true. Which of the following answers best characterizes what Borelli is talking about: A. The human body will typically use a fixed effort arm that is longer then the fixed resistance arm B. The effective effort arm of the muscle is typically shorter then the force of resistance’s effective resistances arm. C. Long effort arms are measured from the point that muscles attach to the bone back to the fulcrum or joint. D. Long effort arms means that the point that the muscle attaches to the bone is always farther from the joint then the distance at which the force of resistance is to the same joint
14.	While muscles provide force for movement, what best describes what joints and joint tissue provide during movement. A. The power to move objects B. Attachment for muscles C. Stability D. Resistance to movement
15.	What is the name of the American Society of Biomechanics highest award? A. Borelli Award B. da Vinci Award C. Hayes Award D. Archimedes Award

Last Modified : 01/04/11 All concepts and diagrams, unless noted otherwise,
of human spinal development in gravitational environment are under copyright registration
to John S. Scherger, D.C.. This information may be shared with others for personal use,
however no document may be republished in any form or embedded
in public databases without the permission of Dr. Scherger.